Lexicon Materia Medica bk2
07/13/19
Does anyone here make their own incense or kyphi?
05/13/19
platelet activating factor also known as PAF.
Miscible: mis·ci·ble /ˈmisəbəl/
adjective: miscible (of liquids) forming a homogeneous mixture when added together.
"sorbitol is miscible with glycerol"
Origin, late 16th century: from medieval Latin miscibilis, from Latin miscere ‘to mix’.
Psyllium: the seed of a fleawort (especially Plantago psyllium) that has the property of swelling and becoming gelatinous when moist and is used as a mild laxative
— called also psyllium seed
Metamucil is a bulk-forming fiber that is used to treat constipation and may also reduce cholesterol when taken every day. The generic name for this fiber is psyllium. ... The active ingredients are the seed husks of the psyllium plant. The Metamucil brand has been in existence since 1934.
taxonomy, systematics, ecology, anatomy, morphology, conservation biology, biodiversity, ethnobotany, and paleobiology,
Druid's Guide to Herbalism
R: Lexicon Materia Media
May 04, 2019
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Classification of phytochemicals
Terpenes
Polyphenols
Carotenoids
Glucosinolates
Dietary fiber (non starch polysaccharides)
Lectins
Biochemical pathways of important phytochemicals
Shikimate pathway
Isoprenoid pathway
Polyketide pathway
Secondary transformation
Glucosinolate biosynthesis
Medicinal Uses: * Diarrhea * Hypertension * Memory/Focus * Menorrhagia
Properties: * Antibacterial * Antispasmodic * Carminative * Coagulant/Hemostatic * Depurative * Diuretic * emetic * Sedative
emmenagogue to bring young girls into womanhood.
anticarcinogenic
vulnerary (of a drug, plant, etc.) of use in the healing of wounds.
hermaphrodite plants (has both male and female organs)
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PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND ITS RELATION TO TAXONOMY AND OTHER BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
A::
Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment.[1] The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a significant way.[2]
Whereas a biotic stress would include living disturbances such as fungi or harmful insects, abiotic stress factors, or stressors, are naturally occurring, often intangible and inanimate factors such as intense sunlight, temperature or wind that may cause harm to the plants and animals in the area affected. Abiotic stress is essentially unavoidable. Abiotic stress affects animals, but plants are especially dependent, if not solely dependent, on environmental factors, so it is particularly constraining. Abiotic stress is the most harmful factor concerning the growth and productivity of cropsworldwide.[3] Research has also shown that abiotic stressors are at their most harmful when they occur together, in combinations of abiotic stress factors.[4]
adaptogenic,adj generating a substance that balances the body, particularly when the body is under stress, byeither stimulating or relaxing.
Abortifacients: an agent (such as a drug) that induces abortion.
Alkaloids: are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral[2] and even weakly acidic properties.[3]Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids.[4] In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.[5]
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),[6] cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine),[7] vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),[8] antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine),[9] and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine).[10] Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulantactivities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine),[11] and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxictoo (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine).[12] Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste.[13]
The boundary between alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing natural compounds is not clear-cut.[14] Compounds like amino acid peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acid, amines, and antibiotics are usually not called alkaloids.[2] Natural compounds containing nitrogen in the exocyclic position (mescaline, serotonin, dopamine, etc.) are usually classified as amines rather than as alkaloids.[15] Some authors, however, consider alkaloids a special case of amines.[16][17][18]
anti-inflammatory: A drug or substance that reduces inflammation (redness, swelling, and pain) in the body. Anti-inflammatory agents block certain substances in the body that cause inflammation. They are used to treat many different conditions. Some anti-inflammatory agents are being studied in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Antiseptic. ... Antibacterials include antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals. Antifungals, also known as an antimycotics, are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis (fungal infection).
Apothecary: a·poth·e·car·y /əˈpäTHəˌkerē/ noun ARCHAIC
a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.
Arnica:Arnica montana is the Latin name for a perennial that grows 1 to 2 feet tall with bright, yellow daisy-like flowers that appear in July and August. It is found on the moist, grassy upland meadows in the hills and mountains of northern and central Europe and Siberia. It is also found sparsely in the northwestern United States. More common names for Arnica are leopard’s bane, mountain daisy, and mountain tobacco. St. Hildegard, a German nun, wrote about the healing properties of the Arnica montana plant in the 12th century. Since at least the 16th century, mountain people in that area have used it to relieve muscle aches and bruises.
Aqueous extract:
an extract prepared by evaporating a watery solution of the soluble principles of a vegetable drug (such as licorice) to a semisolid or solid consistency.
B::
Legends of the bean feasa, the “woman-of-knowledge” or “wise-woman,” are numerous in Irish Gaelic tradition
Biotic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to an organism by other living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, beneficial and harmful insects, weeds, and cultivated or native plants.[1] It is different from abiotic stress, which is the negative impact of non-living factors on the organisms such as temperature, sunlight, wind, salinity, flooding and drought.[2] The types of biotic stresses imposed on an organism depend the climate where it lives as well as the species' ability to resist particular stresses. Biotic stress remains a broadly defined term and those who study it face many challenges, such as the greater difficulty in controlling biotic stresses in an experimental context compared to abiotic stress.
The damage caused by these various living and nonliving agents can appear very similar.[1] Even with close observation, accurate diagnosis can be difficult.[1] For example, browning of leaves on an oak tree caused by drought stress may appear similar to leaf browning caused by oak wilt, a serious vascular disease caused by a fungus, or the browning caused by anthracnose, a fairly minor leaf disease.
Bletting: is a process of softening that certain fleshy fruits undergo, beyond ripening. There are some fruits that are either sweeter after some bletting, such as sea buckthorn, or for which most varieties can be eaten raw only after bletting, such as medlars, persimmons, quince, service tree fruit, and wild service tree fruit ("chequers"). The rowan or mountain ash fruit must be bletted and cooked to be edible, to break down the toxic parasorbic acid (hexenollactone) into sorbic acid.
C::
catarrh: ca·tarrh
catarrh [ kuh-tahr ]
Catarrh: inflammation of a mucous membrane especially : one chronically affecting the human nose and air passages.
catarrhal \ kə-ˈtär-əl \ adjective Catarrhal conditions:
catarrhally \ kə-ˈtär-ə-lē \ adverb.
Middle English catarre, from Middle French or Late Latin; Middle French catarrhe, from Late Latin catarrhus, from Greek katarrhous, from katarrhein to flow down, from kata- + rhein to flow — more at STREAM Excessive discharge or buildup of mucus in the nose or throat, associated with inflammation of the mucous membrane. cough, and hoarsenessCytostatic properties" in the treatment of malignant tumors.
D::
decorticated: remove the bark, rind, or husk from.
"tamarind seeds were cleaned, roasted, decorticated, and pulverized"
Diaphoretic: adjective di·a·pho·ret·ic | \ -ˈret-ik \
diaphoretic herbs:Diaphoretic or sudorific herbs induce involuntary perspiration that helps to reduce fever, cool the body, and speed the elimination of toxins from the system.
1 : having the power to increase sweating
2 : perspiring profusely : covered with sweat : SWEATY
diaphoretic noun: an agent capable of inducing sweating
diuretic: di·u·ret·ic
/ˌdīyəˈredik/
MEDICINEadjective (chiefly of drugs) causing increased passing of urine.
MEDICINEadjective (chiefly of drugs) causing increased passing of urine.
Efficacious: (of something inanimate or abstract) successful in producing a desired or intended result; effective.
Endometriosis: en·do·me·tri·o·sis /ˌendōˌmētrēˈōsəs/
noun, a condition resulting from the appearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and causing pelvic pain. It is an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining your pelvis
Epithet name: An epithet is a nickname or descriptive term that's added to someone's name that becomes part of common usage. ... The word epithet comes from the Greek word epithetos, which means “attributed” or “added.” Indeed, an epithet is an added word or an attribution of certain qualities to a person.
Ethnobotanical > Traditional/ uses
Ethnopharmacology is a related study of ethnic groups and their use of drugs.Ethnopharmacology is distinctly linked to plant use, ethnobotany, as this is the main delivery of pharmaceuticals.
What are Extracts?
Extracts are concentrated preparations of a liquid, powdered, or viscous consistency
that are ordinarily made from dried plant parts (the crude drug) by maceration or
percolation. Fluidextracts are liquid preparations that usually contain a 1: 1 ratio of
fluidextract to dried herb (w/w or v/w). Ethanol, water, or mixtures of ethanol and
water are used exclusively in the production of fluidextracts. Solid or powdered extracts
are preparations made by evaporation of the solvent used in the production
process (raw extract). Further details on pharmaceutical preparation and extraction
techniques for herbal medications are shown in Fig. 1.2.
In some cases it is necessary to remove unwanted components from the raw extract
and increase the concentration of the therapeutically active ingredients. Standardized
ginkgo powdered extract (50: 1) is an example of this process. The 50: 1 ratio
means that, on average, 50 parts of crude drug must be processed to yield 1 part
extract. Potentially allergenic ginkgolic acids are eliminated from the extract along
with pharmacologically inert substances.
Volatile oils are also concentrates of active plant constituents. They are generally
obtained by direct distillation from the crude drug material or, less commonly, by lipophilic
extraction. The ratio of herb to concentrate (known technically as the HER,
or herb-to-extract ratio) for volatile oils is usually in the range of 50: 1 to 100: 1 (wI
v), corresponding to a volatile oil content of 1-2 % in typical herbs that contain
such oils.
Production Methods
The nature of the solvent and of the extraction and drying processes critically affects
the internal composition of the finished product. Polar compounds are soluble in
water, while lipophilic constituents are soluble in alcohol. An aqueous extract of valerian
has a fundamentally different spectrum of ingredients than a solid extract that
has been processed with ethanol. Even when identical solvents are used, the extraction
technique itself can yield products that have different pharmacologic actions.
This principle can be illustrated by a simple example:
A total of 107 volunteers were randomly assigned to 3 groups after a 3-week "runin"
phase. Group A drank 4-6 cups of coffee daily that had been brewed by boiling
(pharmaceutically a decoction, filtered or decanted). Group B drank the same amount
of coffee that had been brewed by filtering (pharmaceutically a percolate), and
Group C drank no coffee. The test period lasted a total of nine weeks. The subjects in
Group A showed a significant rise in serum cholesterol averaging 0.48 nmol/L. Their
LDL level also rose by 0.39 mmol/L. There was no significant difference between
Groups Band C, and there were no significant changes in HDL or apolipoprotein levels
in any of the groups. Thus, adverse effects were associated with the consumption of
coffee brewed by boiling but not with coffee brewed by filtering (Bak et aI., 1989).
The above study illustrates that differences in the preparation process - in this
case decoction versus percolation - can significantly alter the action of the preparation
in the human body. This particularly applies to commercially produced extracts,
which are manufactured by a variety of processes using various solvents. All
extracts are not the same!
F::
Falcarinol: (also known as carotatoxin or panaxynol) is a natural pesticide and fatty alcohol found in carrots (Daucus carota), red ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ivy.
Legends of the bean feasa, the “woman-of-knowledge” or “wise-woman,” are numerous in Irish Gaelic tradition
G::
Genus name: is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses,[1] in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.
In chemistry, a glycoside /ˈɡlaɪkəsaɪd/ is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis,[1] which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. Several species of Heliconius butterfly are capable of incorporating these plant compounds as a form of chemical defense against predators.[2] In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.
In formal terms, a glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides can be linked by an O- (an O-glycoside), N- (a glycosylamine), S-(a thioglycoside), or C- (a C-glycoside) glycosidic bond. According to the IUPAC, the name "C-glycoside" is a misnomer; the preferred term is "C-glycosyl compound".[3] The given definition is the one used by IUPAC, which recommends the Haworth projection to correctly assign stereochemical configurations.[4] Many authors require in addition that the sugar be bonded to a non-sugar for the molecule to qualify as a glycoside, thus excluding polysaccharides. The sugar group is then known as the glycone and the non-sugar group as the aglycone or genin part of the glycoside. The glycone can consist of a single sugar group (monosaccharide) or several sugar groups (oligosaccharide).
The first glycoside ever identified was amygdalin, by the French chemists Pierre Robiquet and Antoine Boutron-Charlard, in 1830.[5]
H::
Hemoptysis: he·mop·ty·sis /hēˈmäptəsəs/
noun: haemoptysis; noun: hemoptysis
the coughing up of blood.
Origin mid 17th century: from modern Latin hemoptysis, from hemo- ‘of blood’ + Greek ptusis ‘spitting’.
hemostatic[ hee-muh-stat-ik, hem-uh- ]
arresting hemorrhage, as a drug; styptic.
pertaining to stagnation of the blood.
noun, a hemostatic agent or substance.
Hemostasis: or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood
within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage). It is the first stage of wound healing. This involves coagulation, blood changing from a liquid to a gel.
HERBARIUM:
plural noun: herbaria
Herbarium: A collection of dried plant specimens mounted on sheets of paper. ... Herbarium collections are often housed in botanical gardens, arboretums, natural history museums, and universities. ...Herbaria are the “dictionaries” of the plant kingdom and provide comparative material
Hydroalcoholic extractDefinition. a solid extract obtained by extracting the soluble principles of the drug with alcohol and water, followed by evaporation of the solution.
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L::
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae.[1] Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers.[2]
Lipophilic constituents are soluble in alcohol, while Polar compounds are soluble in water.
lLophilization:
The term “lyophilization” describes a process to produce a product that “loves the dry state” [2]. The main principle involved in freeze drying is a phenomenon called sublimation, where water passes directly from solid state (ice) to the vapor state without passing through the liquid state.
M::
Maceration:
mac·er·ate /ˈmasəˌrāt/ verb past tense: macerated; past participle: macerated
1. (especially with reference to food) soften or become softened by soaking in a liquid.
"macerate the mustard seeds in vinegar"
synonyms: pulp, mash, squash, soften, liquefy, soak, steep, infuse
"macerate the seeds in a vinegar solution"
2. ARCHAIC cause to grow thinner or waste away, especially by fasting.
"these men lodged in tombs and macerated themselves with fasting"
Origin mid 16th century: from Latin macerat- ‘made soft, soaked’, from macerare ‘to soften’.
Marc: the materia medica discarded from a extracts solvent or Menstruum.
Malolactic fermentation: (also known as malolactic conversion or MLF) is a process in winemaking in which tart-tasting malic acid, naturally present in grape must, is converted to softer-tasting lactic acid. Malolactic fermentation is most often performed as a secondary fermentation shortly after the end of the primary fermentation, but can sometimes run concurrently with it. The process is standard for most red wine production and common for some white grape varieties such as Chardonnay, where it can impart a "buttery" flavor from diacetyl, a byproduct of the reaction.[1]
The fermentation reaction is undertaken by the family of lactic acid bacteria (LAB); Oenococcus oeni, and various species of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. Chemically, malolactic fermentation is a decarboxylation, which means carbon dioxide is liberated in the process
Metabolism (/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are: the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes; the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism).
Metabolic reactions may be categorized as catabolic - the breaking down of compounds (for example, the breaking down of glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration); or anabolic - the building up(synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy.
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell'senvironment or to signals from other cells.
The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals.[1] The basal metabolic rate of an organism is the measure of the amount of energy consumed by all of these chemical reactions.
A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species.[2] For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants.[3] These similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.[4][5]
manuka honey:
Manuka honey is a type of honey native to New Zealand.
It’s produced by bees who pollinate the flower Leptospermum scoparium, commonly known as the manuka bush. Manuka honey’s antibacterial properties are what set it apart from traditional honey. Methylglyoxal is its active ingredient and likely responsible for these antibacterial effects. Additionally, manuka honey has antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits. In fact, it has traditionally been used for wound healing, soothing sore throats, preventing tooth decay and improving digestive issues.
Menstruum: The solvent used in making an extract ot tincture.
Metamucil is a bulk-forming fiber that is used to treat constipation and may also reduce cholesterol when taken every day. The generic name for this fiber is psyllium. ... The active ingredients are the seed husks of the psyllium plant. The Metamucil brand has been in existence since 1934.
Methanolic: Submersed or dissolved in, or obtained with the use of methanol
Methanol: (organic chemistry) The simplest aliphatic alcohol, CH3OH; a colourless, toxic, inflammable liquid, used as a solvent, antifreeze, in the chemical industry, and in the preparation of methylated spirit.
Monographs:
Morphology:
mor·phol·o·gy /môrˈfäləjē/ noun
the study of the forms of things.
IN BIOLOGY, the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures.
N::
Nootropics: (/noʊ.əˈtrɒpɪks/ noh-ə-TROP-iks) (colloquial: smart drugs and cognitive enhancers) are drugs, supplements, and other substances that may improve cognitive function, particularly executive functions, memory, creativity, or motivation, in healthy individuals.
O::
Oxytocic effect.
A uterotonic, also known as ecbolic, is an agent used to induce contraction or greater tonicity of the uterus. Uterotonics are used both to induce labor, and to reduce postpartum hemorrhage. ... An oxytocinergic, or oxytocic, means "having to do with oxytocin (OXT)".
P::
Pharmacopeias:
phar·ma·co·pe·ia /ˌfärməkəˈpēə/
noun, plural noun: pharmacopoeias > a book, especially an official publication, containing a list of medicinal drugs with their effects and directions for their use.
a stock of medicinal drugs.
Origin early 17th century: modern Latin, from Greek pharmakopoiia ‘art of preparing drugs’, based on pharmakon ‘drug’ + -poios ‘making’.
Pharmacotherapy:
pharmacologic treatment of diseases began with the use of herbs.
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bondeddirectly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of the class is phenol, C
6H
5OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule.
Phenol – the simplest of the phenols.
Chemical structure of salicylic acid, the active metabolite of aspirin.
Phenols are synthesized industrially as well as naturally.
Phytotherapy > is a science-based medical practice and thus is distinguished from other, more traditional approaches, such as medical herbalism, which relies on an empirical appreciation of medicinal herbs and which is often linked to traditional knowledge.
Polar:
Polar compounds are soluble in water, while lipophilic constituents are soluble in alcohol.
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Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Those studying phytochemistry strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metaboliccompounds found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize phytochemicals for many reasons, including to protect themselves against insect attacks and plant diseases. Phytochemicals in food plants are often active in human biology, and in many cases have health benefits.[1] The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most are in four major biochemical classes, the alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, and terpenes.
Phytochemistry can be considered sub-fields of botany or chemistry. Activities can be led in botanical gardens or in the wild with the aid of ethnobotany. The applications of the discipline can be for pharmacognosy, or the discovery of new drugs, or as an aid for plant physiology studies.
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Phytotherapy:
Phytomedicines: Phytomedicines are medicinal products that contain plant materials as their pharmacologically active component. Keller (1996) may be consulted for an up-to-date
overview of experiences with herbal drug products in Germany and Europe. For
most phytomedicines, the specific ingredients that determine the pharmacologic activity
of the product are unknown. The crude drug (dried herb) or a whole extract
derived from it is considered to be the active ingredient. Thus, phytomedicines are
complex mixtures of compounds that generally do not exert a strong, immediate action,
and whose effect would be classified as imperceptible to perceptible in the historical
grading system. Due to the large part of patient and consumer expectations
(see Sect.1.5.5), it is essential that phytomedicines in the strict sense have a wide
margin of safety. Most liquid dosage forms are produced from fluidextracts, and
most solid dosage forms are solid extracts. Relatively few herbal drug products are
made with powdered herbs or oil distillates
Polyphenols[1][2] (/ˌpɒliˈfiːnoʊl, -nɒl/; also known as polyhydroxyphenols) are a structural class of mainly natural, but also synthetic or semisynthetic, organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large multiples of phenol structural units. The number and characteristics of these phenol structures underlie the unique physical, chemical, and biological (metabolic, toxic, therapeutic, etc.) properties of particular members of the class. Examples include tannic acid (image at right) and ellagitannin (image below). The historically important chemical class of tannins is a subset of the polyphenols.[1][3]
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Prostaglandin: pros·ta·glan·din /ˌprästəˈɡlandən/
plural noun: prostaglandins
any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions. They are cyclic fatty acids.
One of a number of hormone-like substances that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation. Prostaglandins are derived from a chemical called arachidonic acid. (Headackes and Mygrain
Potable: infusions
po·ta·ble /ˈpōdəb(ə)l/
adjective FORMAL
adjective: potable
safe to drink; drinkable.
"there is no supply of potable water available"
Origin late Middle English: from French potable, from late Latin potabilis, from Latin potare ‘to drink’.
Q::
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S::
Sanative: having the power to cure or heal : CURATIVE, RESTORATIVE
adjective ARCHAIC, conducive to physical or spiritual health and well-being; healing
Seeds can be scarified or briefly boiled to enhance germination.
Sometimes this means cooled or frozen for weeks also.
Stomachic is a historic term for a medicine that serves to tone the stomach, improving its function and increase appetite. While many herbal remedies claimstomachic effects, modern pharmacology does not have an equivalent term for this type of action.
Styptic: styp·tic: /ˈstiptik/
adjective 1. (of a substance) capable of causing bleeding to stop when it is applied to a wound.
noun 1. a substance capable of stopping bleeding when applied to a wound.
Sorption:
Sorption is the common term used for both absorption and adsorption. These terms are often confused. Absorption is the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state (e.g., liquids being absorbed by a solid or gases being absorbed by water).Sorption is a concomitant phenomenon of adsorption and absorption. Adsorption describes the phenomenon in which molecules that are present in a fluid (liquid or gas), concentrated spontaneously on a solid surface by a finite time.orption can be defined as a phenomenon of fixation or capture of a gas or a vapor (sorbate) by a substance in condensed state (solid or liquid) called sorbent
Synergist: noun
a substance, organ, or other agent that participates in an effect of synergy.
Physiology, Medicine/Medical, a body organ, medicine, etc., that cooperates
with another or others to produce or enhance an effect.
T::
Teas:
Teas Compounded as Prescribed by a Physician
Common abbreviations: cort. (cortex, bark); fo!' (folium or folia, leaf or leaves); fret. (fructus,
fruits) ; pericarp. (pericarpium, peel); rad. (radix, root); rhiz. (rhizome); sem. (semen or semina,
seed); stip. (stipes or stipites, stem); summ. (summitates, branch tips); tub. (tuber or tubera).
Tisane: nti·sane /təˈzan/
plural noun: tisanes
a herbal tea, an infusion (as of dried herbs) used as a beverage or for medicinal effects.
ARCHAIC a medicinal drink or infusion, originally one made with barley.
Plant Taxonomy
tax·on·o·my /takˈsänəmē/ noun
in Biology the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics.
the classification of something, especially organisms.
"the taxonomy of these fossils"
a scheme of classification.
Testa: (Seed Coat) A seed develops from an ovule after fertilization. It consists of a tough coat or testa enclosing an embryo which is made up of a plumule, a radicle and one or two cotyledons. In favourable conditions the seed can grow and become a fully independent plant, bearing flowers and seeds during its life cycle.
tonic:
Tonic: ton·ic /ˈtänik/
1. a medicinal substance taken to give a feeling of vigor or well-being.
synonyms: stimulant, restorative, refresher, cordial; More
2. short for tonic water.
adjective 1. giving a feeling of vigor or well-being; invigorating.
V::
Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea), form a large group of plants (c. 308,312 accepted known species[5]) that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta,[6][2]:251 Tracheobionta[7] and Equisetopsida sensu lato. The term higher plants should be avoided as a synonym for vascular plants as it is a remnant of the abandoned concept of the great chain of being
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The toothache plant contains alkylamides (most importantly spilanthol), choline, flavonoids, tannins, sesquiterpene lactones, resins, phytosterols and essential oil containing limonene, β-caryophyllene, Z-β-ocimene, γ-cadinene, thymol, germacrene D and myrcene.
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Acrid: hot, biting taste, or causing heat or irritation when used on the skin
Adaptogen: substance that may give stress relief and help build strength, stamina and ballance the body
Adventitious roots: appearing in an unusual place, as along the plant stem
Alkaloids: basic organic compounds which contain at least one nitrogen atom in a ring structure molecule; usually insoluble in water, and often found as salts or organic acids
Alterative: herb that produces a gradual beneficial change in the body
Amino acids: the basic constituents of proteins, consisting of organic compounds
Analgesic: an agent that relieves pain
Anaesthetic: action that deadens sensation
Annual: a plant whose life cycle, from germination to maturity and death, lasts only one growing season
Anthelmintic: destroys or expels intestinal worms
Antibiotic: substance that destroys or arrests the growth of micro-organisms
Antidepressant: a substance that prevents or relieves depression
Antidote: substance that counteracts or neutralises poison
Antihemorrhagic: prevents or stops hemorrhaging
Anti-inflammatory: substance that works to contain the inflammatory process
Antipruritic: stops itching
Antipyretic: reduces the heat of sores, reducing or preventing fever
Antiscorbutic: plant considered to have a high source of vitamin C (for treating or preventing scurvy)
Antiseptic: counter acts infection and destroys bacteria or prevents their growth
Antispasmodic: checks or relieves spasms
Aperient: a mild bowel stimulant
Aphrodisiac: arousing or increasing sexual desire
Aromatic: spicy fragrant smelling herb that dispels stomach and intestinal wind and pain
Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the walls of arteries
Astringent: substance that constricts tissue and can be used to reduce bleeding, inflammation and diarrhea. Contracts or firms up the skin, tissue and mucus membranes
Basal: leaves near the base of the stem, or leaves that form as a rosette at ground level
Biennial: plant whose life cycle, from germination to maturity and death, takes two growing seasons
Bitters: saliva and gastric juice stimulant, to improve appetite and aid digestion
Calmative: mild sedative with tranquillising effect
Carminative: promotes expulsion of wind in the stomach and bowels, and eases accompanying pain
Carotenes: yellow-orange-red pigments in plants, which may be converted into vitamin A in the body
Cathartic: strong laxative
Chlorophyll: the green pigment in plants vital to the process of photosynthesis
Cholagogue: substance that stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder
Choleretic: substance which stimulates the production of bile by the liver
Coagulant: increases the clotting of blood
Coumarin: a compound found in many plants, and responsible for the aroma of new mown hay which some plants possess
Curcumin: substance found in herbs and spices, which can reduce risk of cancer
Deciduous: a plant that looses its leaves for winter
Demulcent: soothes and softens irritated tissue, particularly the mucus membrane; these herbs have mucilaginous, slippery or oleoginous properties, which can coat, shield and lubricate, as well as relieve pain
Depurative: to purify and free of impurities
Diaphoretic: brings about increased perspiration
Digestive: aids digestion
Diuretic: stimulates kidneys to increase the flow of urine
Dysuria: difficulty or pain in discharging urine
Edema: (dropsy) an abnormal collection of fluid in any cavity of the body or in cellular tissue
Emetic: can induce nausea and vomiting
Emmenagogue: brings on and increases the menstrual flow
Emollient: applied externally to soften and soothe inflamed or irritated surfaces
Essential oil: the odorous principles of plants in the form of volatile oil, usually containing esters and terpenes; these oils are obtained by steam distillation of plant material
Expectorant: discharge of mucus from the respiratory passages
Flavonoids: strong anitoxidant substances in some fruit and vegetables, that can reduce risk of heart disease and cancer
Febrifuge: fever reducing, also called antipyretic
Galactagogue: encourages or increases secretion of milk
Glycoside: organic substance which may be broken down into two parts, one of which is always sugar
Hallucinogenic: a substance that produces hallucination
Hemostatic: arrest hemorrhaging
Hepatic: beneficial for the liver
Hyperglycaemia: condition when there is too much sugar in the blood.
Hypoglycaemia: when blood sugar levels are blow normal levels
Inulin: a complex sugar found in several plants, especially in members of the Asteraceae family
Laxative: loosening to the bowels
Lignin: a fibrous like component of some plants; unaffected by digestion, does not absorb moisture, and passes through the intestinal tract unchanged; aids in binding fats and increases their excretion in faeces
Mucilaginous: the state of being moist and viscid, slimy, slippery, of the nature of mucilage
Nervine: relieves pain and nervous irritation and restores nerves to their natural state
Node: point on the stem of a plant where the leaves or lateral branches are attached
Nutrient: components of food used in nourishing the body, eg. proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals.
Nutritive: provides nourishment and effects the nutritive and metabolic processes in the body
Ophthalmic: helper to eyes
Palmate: describing a leaf that has a shape like a hand with fingers radiating from the palm
Pavapinnate: a compound, pinnate leaf with an even number of leaflets, usually in regular pairs, but lacking a terminal leaflet
Pectoral: promotes a healing action on chest and lungs
Peristaltic action: muscles of stomach and intestine, by a series of contractions, move food through the body and gastric juices help to make it available to the body, with the residue and fibre forced out of the body as faeces
Petioles: the stalk of the leaf connecting the blade with the stem; when absent a leaf is sessile
Phlebitis: inflammation of the membrane of veins
Prophylactic: herbs that help prevent disease
Purgative: substance that causes an evacuation of the bowel
Raceme: formation where stalked flowers grow along a main stem, the oldest at the bottom
Reniform: kidney shaped, like the seed of beans
Rhizome: underground root, sometimes bulbous in form, from which new plants grow
Rubefacient: causes reddening, can be used for massage to stimulate blood flow
Saponin: substance that foams in water and has a detergent action
Sedative: relieves nervous tension, anxiety and has a calming effect
Sessile: stalkless in form, with no petiole
Sialagogue: promotes salivary flow
Soporific: tending to cause sleep, marked by lethargy and drowsiness
Stimulant: speeds activity, and increases the general functioning of the body
Stomachic: stimulates gastric activity and appetite
Styptic: contracts tissues, blood stopper
Stratification: when seeds are stored in very cold conditions, such as refrigeration for several
Symptom: manifestation or evidence of a disease or physical or functional body disorder
Syndrome: a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterise a particular abnormality or disease
Therapeutic: treatment of disease or bodily disorders by remedial agents, methods, or modalities
Tonic: to improve the tone of an organ or the body generally, to restore to health
Umbel: a flower formation where all the stalks grow from one point (eg. parsley, dill)
Vermifuge: causes the expulsion of worms
Volatile oil: called volatile oil as it vaporises readily; also referred to as essential oil
Vulnerary: topical application that promotes healing of wounds
https://herbsarespecial.com.au/plant-information/herb-information/glossary-of-technicall-terms/
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THE PENN STATE MEDIEVAL GARDEN
Glossary of Terms
On these pages are contained some of the unfamiliar words used in the period and contemporary descriptions of the uses to which the plants in this listing were put.
Acetabulum: n.: (a) A cup to hold condiments, esp. vinegar, for serving at the table. (b) A measure of capacity for liquids and dry granular substances, equal to one-eighth of a sextary (approx. 70 ml or 2.4 fluid ounces). (OED)
Aduice: To be used with great care.
Ague, n.: An acute or high fever; disease, or a disease, characterized by such fever, esp. when recurring periodically, spec. malaria. Also: a malarial paroxysm, or (esp. in later use) the initial stage of such a paroxysm, marked by an intense feeling of cold and shivering. (OED)
Albugines (Albugo), n.: A whitish spot on the cornea; a corneal opacity; disease of the eye. (OED)
Alopecia, n.: Partial or total loss of hair from the head or other part of the body; baldness; an instance of this. Also (in later use freq. with distinguishing English or scientific Latin word): any of various disorders or diseases resulting in a form of leprosy. (OED)
Anodyne, adj.: A medicine or drug which alleviates pain. Having the power of assuaging pain. (OED)
Aphthas, n.:An ulcer, usually small and superficial, of a mucous membrane, esp. in the mouth. Also any disease (in humans or livestock) characterized by the presence of such ulcers; (in later use) spec. a recurrent form of stomatitis of unknown aetiology in which one or more painful ulcers, covered with a greyish exudate and surrounded by a red halo, appear in the mouth and heal spontaneously. (OED)
Argema, n.: A small white ulcer or speck on the margin of the cornea. (OED)
Arquebusade: A gun which employed a fuse to light the charge in the barrel. 16th century.
Bulwark, n.: A substantial defensive work of earth, or other material; a rampart, a fortification. (OED)
Astringent, adj.: Having the power to draw together or contract the soft tissues; binding, constrictive, styptic. (OED)
Axunge, n.: The rich internal fat of the kidneys, etc., especially that geese and pigs. (OED)
Carbuncle, n.: A pustule or papule on the nose or face; spec. one associated with the disease rosacea. Any of various inflammatory or infective lesions of the skin or (rarely) the eye; the malignant pustule of anthrax. In later use: a group of interconnected or coalescing boils.
Cataplasme, n.: A poultice: formerly also a plaster. (OED)
Cerat, n.: A kind of stiff ointment composed of wax together with lard or oil and other ingredients. (OED)
Choler, n.: Bile; as one of the 'four humours' of early physiology, supposed to cause irascibility of temper. (OED)
Cleaue, v.: To stick fast or adhere, as by a glutinous surface. (OED)
Cerat, n.: A kind of ointment composed of wax together with lard or oil and other ingredients. (OED)
Clyster, n.: A medicine injected into the rectum, to empty or cleanse the bowels, to afford nutrition, etc.; an injection, enema; sometimes, a suppository. (OED)
Colitis, An inflammation of the colon. (OED)
Collyries, n.: A topical remedy for disorders of the eyes; an eye-salve or eye-wash. A solid medicine made up in a cylindrical form to be introduced into any of the openings of the body, as the anus, nostril, etc.; a suppository. (OED)
Cyathi, n.: A cup or ladle used for drawing wine out of the crater n. or mixing-bowl; also, a measure (both dry and liquid) = about 1/ 12 of a pint. Used in prescriptions for a wine-glass. (OED)
Decoction: In herbalism, decoctions are usually made to extract fluids from hard plant materials such as roots and bark. To achieve this, the plant material is usually boiled for 8-10 minutes in water. It is then strained. A decoction is also the name for the resulting fluid.
Diuretic, adj.: Having the capacity of exciting excessive excretion or discharge of urine. (OED)
Drachm (Dram) n.: A weight, orig. the ancient Greek drachma n.; hence, in Apothecaries' weight, a weight of 60 grains = 1/8 of an ounce; in Avoirdupois weight, of 27-1/3 grains = 1/ 16 of an ounce.
Dropsical: See Dropsy
Dropsy, n. and adj.: A morbid condition characterized by the accumulation of watery fluid in the serous cavities or the connective tissue of the body.
Drow, v.: To dry up
Dyspepsia, Derangement or difficulty in digestion; indigestion. Used to describe various disorders of the digestive organs, esp. the stomach. Usually involves weakness, loss of appetite, and depression. (OED)
Dysponea, v: Difficulty of breathing; laborious breathing.
Dysury, n: Difficulty in passing urine; a disorder characterized by difficult or painful urination. (OED)
Elixir, n.: A clear, sweet-flavored liquid (usually containing alcohol) used in compounding medicines to be taken orally in order to mask an unpleasant taste and intended to cure one's ills.
Emmenagogue, adj. and n.: Having power to excite the menstrual discharge, agents which increase or renew the menstrual discharge.
Erysipelas, n.: A local febrile disease accompanied by diffused inflammation of the skin, producing a deep red color; often called St. Anthony's Fire, or 'the Rose'.
Fistula, n.: A long, narrow, suppurating canal of morbid origin in some part of the body; a long, sinuous pipe-like ulcer with a narrow orifice.
Flatulence, To be charged with or pass gas, tendency of foods to create this condition in the stomach or alimentary canal, windiness.
Furfures: Dandruff, scurf; pl. particles of epidermis or scurf; also, a bran-like sediment in the urine. (OED)
Glister, n.: A bright light, brilliance, lustre.
Hicket: An early form of hiccup, another being hickock. (OED)
Humors (Humours): In ancient and medieval physiology, one of the four chief fluids (cardinal humours) of the body (blood, phlegm, choler, and melancholy or black choler), by the relative proportions of which a person's physical and mental qualities and disposition were held to be determined. (OED)
Hydropsicall, adj: With or as with dropsy; dropsically. (OED)
Imposthumes (Impostume) n.: A purulent swelling or cyst in any part of the body; an abscess. (OED)
Infusion: An infusion is very similar to a decoction but is used with herbs that are more volatile or dissolve readily in water, or release their active ingredients easily in oil. Boiling water (or water of the appropriate temperature) is poured over the herb and allow to steep for a time.
Insession v.: Onward motion; progression, locomotion. Pace, gait or going. (OED)
Jakes n.: A toilet, especially an outdoor one. (OED)
Jaundice, n.: A morbid condition caused by obstruction of the bile, and characterized by yellowness of the conjunctiva, skin, fluids, and tissues, and by constipation, loss of appetite, and weakness. (OED)
King's Evil, n.: Scrofula, which in England and France was formerly supposed to be curable by the king's (or queen's) touch. The practice of touching for the king's evil continued from the time of Edward the Confessor to the death of Queen Anne in 1714. The Office for the ceremony has not been printed in the Prayer-book since 1719. (OED)
Laske/lask, n.: A looseness in the bowels, diarrhea. A laxative, aperient. (OED)
Leprous, adj.: Of a person or part of the body: affected with leprosy. (OED)
Leucorrnea (leucorrhoa), n. : A mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the lining membrane of the female genital organs; the whites. (OED)
Lupines, n. : Any plant of the genus Lupinus (family Leguminosæ); chiefly L. albus, cultivated in the warmer districts of Europe for the seed and for fodder. The species now common in flower-gardens are of American origin. The flowers, blue, rosy-purple, white and sometimes yellow grow in clusters of long tapering spikes.
Matrix, n.: The uterus. (OED)
Melicrate, n.: A drink made with honey and water; hydromel. (OED)
Meniere's Syndrome or Disease, n.: A disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating but usually progressive hearing loss, associated with distention of the endolymphatic system of the labyrinth. (OED)
Menorrnea (Menorrhoea/menorrhea) n.: Menstrual bleeding, especially when abnormally prolonged (menorrhagia) or frequent (metrorrhagia). (OED)
Menses: Menstruation; the menstrual discharge. (OED)
Methegline (Metheglin) n.: A spiced or medicated variety of mead, originally esp. popular in Wales. (OED)
Morphew, n.: Any of various skin diseases characterized by localized or generalized discoloration of the skin; (also) a discolored lesion of the skin. Black morphew n. morphew characterized by hyperpigmented lesions (attributed to the humor black bile). White morphew n. morphew characterized by hypopigmented lesions (attributed to the humor phlegm).
Mucilage: n.: A viscid preparation made from the seeds, roots, or other parts of certain plants by soaking or heating them in water, used medicinally in soothing poultices, tisanes, etc. Later also: a viscid aqueous solution of any of certain gums or starches. (OED)
Mucus: a slimy substance, typically not miscible with water, secreted by mucous membranes and glands for lubrication, protection, etc.
a gummy substance found in plants; mucilage.
Murreine, n.: Some type of disease or plague. The meaning is unclear however the word is found in various written works as well as the Bible.in Psalm 78:50, marginal notes, 1611 King James Version.
Nephiriticall (Nephritic): A person suffering from kidney disease; affecting the kidneys; suitable for curing kidney disease. (OED)
Oedema (Edema), n.: A fluid-filled tumor or swelling; localized or generalized accumulation of excessive fluid in tissues or body cavities. (OED)
Orthopnea, n.: Dyspnoea that is most severe in recumbency and that is alleviated by assuming the upright position. (OED)
Oxymel, n.: A medical drink or syrup made of vinegar and honey, sometimes with other ingredients. (OED)
Patrimonie (Patrimony) n.: The estate or property belonging by ancient right to an institution, corporation, class, etc.; esp. the ancient estate or endowment of a church or religious body. (OED)
Pestilential: Carrying, producing, or tending to produce pestilence or epidemic disease, esp. bubonic plague; unhealthy; (of a disease) infectious, epidemic. (OED)
Pessum, v.: From the Latin: To cast down, ruin, destroy. (OED)
Pestilential: Carrying, producing, or tending to produce pestilence or epidemic disease, esp. bubonic plague; unhealthy; (of a disease) infectious, epidemic. (OED)
Pettimorell: Possibly some variety of Deadly Nighshade. Anglo-Norman and Old French morel, morele, morelle.(OED)
Phalanx: phalanx spider. A venomous spider; phalangium n. (OED)
Pharmacognosy:phar·ma·cog·no·sy ˌfärməˈkäɡnəsē/ nounThe branch of knowledge concerned with medicinal drugs obtained from plants or other natural sources.
Phrenticke (Frantic), adj. and n.: Affected with mental disease; 'lunatic', insane; (in later use) violently or ragingly mad. A person who is frantic or frenzied; a 'lunatic'; a delirious patient. 14th century. (OED)
Phreneticall, adj.: Supplying the diaphragm; of, relating to, or affecting the diaphragm; diaphragmatic. (OED)
Piles, n.: A hemorrhoid or having hemorroids.
Pleuriticall, adj.: Affected with or suffering from pleurisy. (OED)
Pleurisy, n.: In early use: an abscess of the ribs or inner surface of the chest; pain in the chest or the side, esp. when stabbing in nature and exacerbated by inspiration or coughing; an instance of this; any disease resulting in such pain. In later use: spec. inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis; an instance of this. (OED)
Ptisana (Ptisan) v.: To give (someone) tisane to drink. (OED)
Pultesses - see Pultise
Pultise (Poultice) n.: A moist, usually heated mass of a substance with a soft, pasty consistency, applied to the skin, usually by means of a bandage or dressing, in order to promote healing, reduce swelling, relieve pain, etc.; a fomentation, a cataplasm. Also called cataplasm. , The word "poultice" comes from the Latin puls, pultes, meaning "porridge." Historically, poultices were made from bread or other cereals
Putrefaction: The state of being putrid; rottenness; the process or action of putrefying or rotting; spec. the decomposition by bacteria of dead animal or plant tissue, which becomes foul-smelling as a result. (OED)
Pustules: A small, raised lesion of the skin or other body surface that contains pus. Also: a blister, vesicle, and papule. (OED)
Pyelitis: Inflammation of the renal pelvis.(OED)
Scabies: A general term of skin diseases characterized by scaley eruptions; A contagious skin disease due to a parasite; the itch. (OED)
Reines, n.: The kidneys. (OED)
Saint Anthony's Fire,, n.: Also known as ergotoxicosis, ergot poisoning and Saint Anthony's Fire. Ergot poisoning is a proposed explanation of bewitchment. Ergotism is the effect of long term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus that infects rye and other cereals. (Wikipedia)
Sciaticall, n.: The hip joint. Also designating the short saphenous vein in the region of the ankle. Affected with or suffering from sciatica. (OED)
Scrofula, n.: A constitutional disease characterized mainly by chronic enlargement and degeneration of the lymphatic glands. Also called King's Evil (n.) and Struma (n.). (OED)
Scurf: A morbid condition of the skin, esp. of the head, characterized by a separation of branny scales, without inflammation. (OED)
Sextary, n.: In ancient Rome: a measure of capacity for liquids, equal to one-sixth of a congius (approx.. 1.2 pints or 0.5 liters). In the Middle Ages: a large measure for liquid, varying locally between 4 and 6 imperial gallons. In Middle Ages; can also be used for a description of dry weight equal to approx. 2 pounds or 1 KG. (OED)
Sod, adj.: Of food, liquor, etc.: Boiled; prepared by boiling. (OED)
Spleneticall, adj.: Having to do with the spleen. Of or relating to, or connected with, the spleen; splenic. Affected with, or suffering from, disease or disorder of the spleen; in later use, affected with melancholia or hypochondria. (OED)
Spurges: To cleanse, purify (a person, the body, etc.); to free from or rid of impurity. With away or out. To remove by some cleansing or purifying process. (OED)
Stranguary: A disease of the urinary organs characterized by slow and painful emission of urine; also the condition of slow and painful urination. (OED)
Strumae, n.: A scrofulous swelling of tumour. Also, a goiter or bronchocele. (OED)
Tetters (Tetter) n.: A general term for any pustular herpetiform eruption of the skin, as eczema, herpes, impetigo, ringworm, etc. 8th century. (OED)
Tincture, n.: Hue, color: esp. as communicated (naturally or artificially) by a colouring matter or dye, or by something that stains; a tinge, tint. A coloring matter, dye, pigment; spec. a dye used as a cosmetic. (OED)
Tisane, n.: A wholesome or medicinal drink: (originally) an infusion made with barley, barley water; (subsequently) a medicinal tea or infusion made from herbs. (OED)
Unguents, n.: An ointment or salve.
Viscera, n.: The soft contents of the principal cavities of the body; esp. the internal organs of the trunk; the entrails or bowels together with the heart, liver, lungs, etc. (OED)
Vulnerary, adj.: Having curative properties in respect to external wounds; Useful in healing wounds. (OED)
Wens, n.: A lump or protuberance on the body, a knot, bunch, wart. A sebaceous cystic tumour under the skin, occurring chiefly on the head. (OED)
Whites: See Leucorrhea
Yeox (also: yex / yesk): An acy of yexing; a sob; hiccup or the hiccups. (OED)
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Terminology - American Botanical Council
Terminology
Understanding terms or words commonly used in herbal literature provides a basic foundation for people new to herbs and reinforces the basics for those with some experience with herbal medicine. The following terminology categories offer a comprehensive understanding of herbal medicine’s role in healthcare.
Healthcare Systems: Lists the basic theory or school of thought underlying healthcare systems throughout the world. Some systems include herbal medicine as an approach.
Approaches: Lists a few approaches applied to various healthcare systems that use medicinal plants or plant-derived preparations.
General Herbal Terms: Lists some common terms used when discussing or learning about herbal medicine.
Plant Parts: Lists the crude drug or phytopharmaceutical names that describe the part of the plant that is used in the herbal preparation. This name is not always synonymous with the botanical description of that plant part.
Preparations: Describes various plant preparations used to make herbal products both at home and for the marketplace.
Medical Terminology: Lists words with medicinal actions or that are referred to in medicine in order to provide a better understanding of the proper use of the herbs and under what conditions they might be employed.
Healthcare Systems
Allopathy: Also known as "conventional medicine" in Western societies. Allopathy focuses on treating the symptoms of diseases primarily through prescription drugs. This approach utilizes a process of reductionism (focusing on the symptoms exhibited in a part of the organism rather than focusing on the organism as a whole.)
Ayurvedic Medicine: Literally meaning the "science of life." A 5,000-year-old system of medicine originating in India that combines natural therapies with a highly personalized, holistic approach to the treatment of disease.
Homeopathy: A system of medicine founded in the late 18th century in which remedies consist of diluted substances from plants, minerals and animals. It is based on a theory that "like cures like." Remedies specifically match different symptom pattern profiles of illness to stimulate the body’s natural healing process.
Naturopathy: A holistic medical system that treats health conditions by utilizing what is believed to be the body’s innate ability to heal. Naturopathic physicians aid healing processes by incorporating a variety of natural methods based on the patient’s individual needs.
Indigenous or Tribal Medicine: A healthcare system that tends to incorporate various methods of botanical and animal medicines as well as specific ceremonial rituals of the culture to cure disease. The medicinal knowledge is passed from generation to generation primarily through oral traditions. The system tends to be unique to each tribe.
Traditional Chinese Medicine: A 3,000-year-old holistic system of medicine combining the use of medicinal herbs, acupuncture, food therapy, massage, and therapeutic exercise. Chinese physicians look for the underlying causes of imbalance in the "yin" and "yang" which lead to disharmony in the "qi" energy in the body. Traditional Chinese Medicine addresses how illness manifests itself in a patient and treats the patient, not the ailment or disease. (top)
Approaches
Aromatherapy: This approach uses essential oils extracted from medicinal plants to treat various health conditions. The oils are generally diluted, then used topically, internally, or to stimulate olfactory senses.
Flower Essences: In the 1930s, Dr. Edward Bach developed an approach to healing using "flower essences." Flower essences are made by infusing flowers or other plant parts in spring water and then adding alcohol as a preservative. The essences are used internally or topically to balance emotional states. The underlying philosophy focuses on stabilizing emotions in order to dissipate illness and stimulate internal healing processes.
Herbal Medicine: An approach to healing which uses plant or plant-derived preparations to treat, prevent, or cure various health conditions and ailments. This approach is incorporated into various medical systems. Although herbal medicine does not have a specific point of conception, at present an estimated 80% of the world’s population rely on medicinal plant preparations for their primary healthcare needs, according to the World Health Organization. Despite the extensive use which can be attributed to the use of plants in traditional medical systems, our knowledge of the plants and their values remain largely unexplored. (top)
General Herbal Terms
Binomial: The two-part scientific Latin name used to identify plants. The first name is the genus and is a general name that may be shared by a number of related plants. The second is the species name, which refers to the name that is specific to that individual plant (i.e., Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia).
Crude drug: Natural products, which are not pure compounds (i.e., plants or parts of plants, extracts, or exudes).
Drug: a pure substance or combination of pure substances (isolated from natural sources, semi-sythenthic, or purely chemical in origin) intended to mitigate, treat, cure or prevent a disease in humans (and other animals).
Herb: The word herb (sometimes referred to as botanical) has several different meanings depending on the perspective:
In commercial terms - herb generally refers to plants used for culinary purposes. Additionally the terminology differentiates Temperate Zone plants from tropical and sub-tropical plants (i.e., spices).
In horticultural terms - herb refers to "herbaceous," which describes the appearance of the plant (i.e., a non-woody, vascular plant).
In taxonomic terms - herb generally refers to the aboveground parts or the aerial parts (i.e., the flower, leaf, and stem).
In terms of herbal medicine - herb refers to plants used in various forms or preparations, valued for their therapeutic benefits, and sold as dietary supplements in the U.S. marketplace.
Pharmacognosy: The study of natural products (i.e., plant, animal, organism, or mineral in nature) used as drugs or for the preparation of drugs. Derived from the Greek pharmakon meaning drug and gnosis meaning knowledge.
Phytochemicals: Chemical compounds or chemical constituents formed in the plant’s normal metabolic processes. The chemicals are often referred to as "secondary metabolites" of which there are several classes including alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, fats, flavonoids, glycosides, gums, iridoids, mucilages, phenols, phytoestrogens, tannins, terpenes, and terpenoids, to mention a few. Extracts contain many chemical constituents, while chemicals that have been isolated from the plant are considered pharmaceutical drugs (i.e., digoxin having been isolated from the foxglove or Digitalis lanata plant).
Phytomedicinals: Medicinal substances that originate from plants. This may include certain phytochemicals as well as whole plants or herbal preparations.
Phytoestrogens: A type of phytochemical with some influence on the estrogenic activity or hormonal system in humans. This rather broad term does not mean that the plant mimics human estrogen, only acts to affect it in some way. (top)
Plant Parts (crude drug terminology)
Aetheroleum: Refers to the essential or volatile oil as a distinct aromatic product obtained from the plant.
Balsamum: Refers to a solution of resin and volatile oil usually produced by special cells in some plants.
Bulbus: Refers to the bulb or an underground bud (specialized stem structure) of a plant, from which both a shoot and roots may extend.
Cortex: Refers to the bark of the plant. Bark can be collected from the root, stem, or branches.
Flos: Refers to the flowers of plant usually consisting of a single flower or the entire inflorescences (i.e., head, umbel, panicle, spike, etc.).
Folium: Refers to the leaf of plant. Usually the middle leaves of plants are collected.
Fructus: Refers to the fruit (the ripened ovary of the flower-bearing seeds) or berry of the plant. In pharmacognosy, fructus is not always synonymous with the botanical definition.
Herba: Refers to the aerial parts or the aboveground parts of plants which may include the flower, leaf, and the stem of the plant, and occasionally fruits too.
Lignum: Refers to the wood or the secondary thickening of the stem. This may or may not contain the bark as well.
Oleum: Refers to the fixed oil preparation pressed or squeezed from the plant material.
Pericarpium: Refers to the peel or rind of fruit.
Pyroleum: Refers to the tar from dry distilled plant material.
Radix: Refers to the root of a plant, though radix is sometimes synonomous with rhizome
Resina: Refers to the resin that is secreted by the plant or by distillation of the balsamum.
Rhizoma: Refers to the rhizome or a creeping horizontal stem, generally bearing roots on its underside.
Semen: Refers to the seed of a plant, usually removed from the fruit, and may or may not contain the seed coat. (top)
Preparations
Decoction: A tea made from boiling plant material, usually the bark, rhizomes, roots or other woody parts, in water. May be used therapeutically. Natural dyes are often made this way.
Infusion: A tea made by pouring water over plant material (usually dried flowers, fruit, leaves, and other parts, though fresh plant material may also be used), then allowed to steep. The water is usually boiling, but cold infusions are also an option. May be used therapeutically, as hot tea is an excellent way to administer herbs.
Tincture: An extract of a plant made by soaking herbs in a dark place with a desired amount of either glycerine, alcohol, or vinegar for two to six weeks. The liquid is strained from the plant material and then may be used therapeutically.
Liniment: Extract of a plant added to either alcohol or vinegar and applied topically to employ the therapeutic benefits.
Poultice: A therapeutic topical application of a soft moist mass of plant material (such as bruised fresh herbs), usually wrapped in a fine woven cloth.
Essential Oils: Aromatic volatile oils extracted from the leaves, stems, flowers, and other parts of plants. Therapeutic use generally includes dilution of the highly concentrated oil.
Herbal Infused Oils: A process of extraction in which the volatile oils of a plant substance are obtained by soaking the plant in a carrier oil for approximately two weeks and then straining the oil. The resulting oil is used therapeutically and may contain the plant’s aromatic characteristic.
Percolation: A process to extract the soluble constituents of a plant with the assistance of gravity. The material is moistened and evenly packed into a tall, slightly conical vessel; the liquid (menstruum) is then poured onto the material and allowed to steep for a certain length of time. A small opening is then made in the bottom, which allows the extract to slowly flow out of the vessel. The remaining plant material (the marc) may be discarded. Many tinctures and liquid extracts are prepared this way. (top)
Medical Terminology
abortifacient - inducing abortion
adjuvant - aiding the action of a medicinal agent
amphoteric - normalizing function of an organ or body system
analeptic - restorative or stimulating effect on central nervous system
analgesic - relieve pain
anaphrodisiac - reduces capacity for sexual arousal
anesthetic - induces loss of sensation or consciousness due to the depression of nerve function
antianemic - preventing or curing anemia
antibacterial - destroying or stopping the growth of bacteria
antibilious - easing stomach stress
anticatarrh - reduces inflamed mucous membranes of head and throat
antidepressant - therapy that acts to prevent, cure, or alleviate mental depression
antidiabetic - preventing or relieving diabetes
antidiarrhetic- substances use to prevent or treat diarrhea
antiemetic - stopping vomiting
antifungal - destroying or inhibiting the growth of fungus
antihemorrhagic - controlling hemorrhaging or bleeding
anti-infectous - counteracting infection
anti-inflammatory - controlling inflammation, a reaction to injury or infection
antimalarial - preventing or relieving malaria
antimicrobial - destructive to microbes
antioxident - prevents or inhibits oxidation
antipruritic - preventing or relieving itching
antipyretic - agent that reduces fever (febrifuge)
antirheumatic - easing pain of rheumatism, inflammation of joints and muscles
antiseptic - agent used to produce asepsis and to remove pus, blood, etc.
antispasmodic - calming nervous and muscular spasms or convulsions
antitussive - controlling or preventing cough
antiviral - opposing the action of a virus
aperient - a very mild laxative
aperitive - stimulating the appetite for food
aphrodisiac - substance increasing capacity for sexual arousal
asepsis - sterile, a condition free of germs, infection, and any form of life
astringent - agent that constricts and binds by coagulation of proteins a cell surface
bitter - stimulates appetite or digestive function
cardiotonic - increases strength and tone (normal tension or response to stimuli) of the heart
carminative - causing the release of stomach or intestinal gas
catarrhal - pertaining to the inflammation of mucous membranes of the head and throat
cathartic - an active purgative, producing bowel movements
cholagogue - an agent that increases flow of bile from gallbladder
cicatrizant - aiding formation of scar-tissue and healing wounds
counterirritant - agent producing an inflammatory response for affecting an adjacent area
demulcent - soothing action on inflammation, especially of mucous membranes
dermatitis - inflammation of the skin evidenced my itchiness, redness, and various lesions
diaphoretic - increases perspiration (syn: sudorific)
diuretic - increases urine flow
dysmenorrhea - painful menstruation
dyspepsia - imperfect or painful digestion
ecbolic - tends to increase contractions of uterus, facilitating childbirth
emetic - produces vomiting
emmenagogue - agent that regulates and induces normal menstruation
emollient - softens and soothes the skin
errhine - bringing on sneezing, increasing flow of mucus in nasal passages
escharotic - a caustic substance that destroys tissue and causes sloughing
estrogenic - causes the production of estrogen
euphoriant - produces a sense of bodily comfort; temporary effect and often addictive
expectorant - facilitates removal of secretions
febrifuge - an agent that reduces or relieves a fever
flatulence - excessive gas in the stomach or intestine
galactagogue - an agent that promotes the flow of milk (syn: galactogenic)
hemagogue - an agent that promotes the flow of blood
hemostatic - controls the flow or stops the flow of blood
hepatic - having to do with the liver
herpetic - treating skin eruptions relating to the herpes virus
hypertensive - raises blood pressure
hypoglycemant - agent that lowers blood sugar
hypotensive - lowers blood pressure
lactifuge - reduces the flow of milk
laxative - substance that acts to loosen the bowels contents
masticatory - increases flow of saliva upon chewing
narcotic - induces drowsiness, sleep, or stupor and lessons pain
nervine - a nerve tonic
neuralgia - severe sharp pain along the course of a nerve
parturfaciant - induces contractions of labor at childbirth
purgative - laxative, causes the evacuation of intestinal contents
resorbent - aids reabsorption of blood from bruises
rheumatism - a general term for acute or chronic conditions characterized by inflammation of the muscles and joints (includes arthritis, gout, bursitis, myositis, and fibromyositis).
rubefacient - agent which reddens skin, dilates the vessels, and increases blood supply locally
sedative - exerts a soothing, tranquilizing effect on the body
soporific - inducing sleep
stimulant - temporarily increases body or organ function
stomachic - aids the stomach and digestion action
sudorific - acts to increase perspiration
tonic - a substance that increases strength and tone (top)
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